The early world was a strange place. Early in its history—in the first quintillionth of a second—the entire cosmos was nothing more than incredibly hot plasma. And, according to researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), this soup of quarks and gluons accompanied the formation of supermassive black holes (PHBs). It is entirely possible that these long-lost PHBs could have been the source of the dark matter.
MIT’s David Kaiser and graduate student Elba Alonso-Monsalve suggest that supercharged black holes could be a new form of matter that we don’t see in the modern universe. “Although these ephemeral and exotic creatures do not exist today, they could have influenced the history of the world in ways that can be seen in subtle signs today,” Kaiser said. “In the idea that all dark matter can be accounted for by black holes, this gives us new things to look for.” That means a new way to find the origin of dark matter.
Dark matter is amazing. No one has seen it live yet. However, its influence on the common “baryonic” phenomenon. it is be recognized. Scientists have many suggestions about what dark matter might be, but until they can see it, it’s hard to tell what exactly it is. Black holes may be candidates. But the mass of all the visible ones is not enough to calculate the amount of dark matter in the sky. However, there may be a connection with black holes after all.
Black Holes Through Cosmic Time
Most of us are familiar with the idea of ​​at least two types of black holes: stellar mass and supermassive. There are also a number of intermolecular black holes, which are rare. Interstellar matter forms when massive stars explode as supernovae and collapse to form black holes. These exist in many galaxies. The most powerful ones pack many millions of solar masses together. They form “hierarchically” from small and exist in the hearts of galaxies. The middle mass probably forms in the same order and may be a hidden link between the other two types.
Black holes have been created throughout the history of the Universe. That is why the idea of ​​a black hole is not so surprising, although it is still complicated. In their most primitive form, they would be dense objects with the mass of an asteroid burned down into something the size of an atom. They probably didn’t last very long—perhaps another quintillionth of a second. After formation, they blinked out of existence or dispersed into the expanding Universe.
The Link Between Fundamental Black Holes and Black Holes
So, how can these amazing PHBs affect the formation of dark spots if they come in and out so quickly? That’s where the work of Kaiser and his student comes in. They suggest that as the first PHBs were dispersing, they somehow “pulled” into spacetime and changed something that could explain the dark matter. The same process could produce tiny black holes with an interesting property called “color charge.” And, there is a dark matter connection.
“Color charge” is a property of quarks and gluons, and ends up binding together. Think of it as a “supercharge”. Kaiser and Alonso-Monsalve suggest that some very early PHBs had this “extra charge” in the same way that quarks and gluons did. If that’s true, then the earliest multi-color charging PHBs would be a whole new phenomenon. We don’t see them anymore because they can dissolve in a fraction of a second after spawning. But, their presence was necessary, especially for creating dark things.
Even during their short lifetimes, however, the earliest highly charged PHBs could have affected an important cosmological transition: the time when the first atomic nuclei were forged. These charged black holes could affect the balance of fusion nuclei. And, they could do it in a way that astronomers could one day detect with future measurements. Such observations would convincingly point to primordial black holes as the root of all dark matter today.
What Were Those Early PHBs Made Of?
If those PHBs existed, what were they made of? Unlike other black holes, there isn’t much evidence of something like a star or other black hole that “gave birth” to these early ones. To find out, Alonso-Monsalve and Kaiser conducted a survey. They calculated the “age” of the PHB’s creation as being after the Big Bang. “Normal” black holes formed within this “brief flash of time.” Those would be as big as asteroids and as small as atoms. But, they also found that a small number of small black holes formed. Those had the mass of a rhinoceros and a size much smaller than a single proton.
This process probably started about a second after the Big Bang. That gave all these PBHs plenty of time to disrupt the equilibrium conditions that would have existed when the first nuclei began to form from the quark-gluon plasma. Supercharged black holes would melt quickly. This may have happened when the first atomic nuclei began to form. “These objects may have left interesting traces of investigation,” Alonso-Monsalve said. “They could change the balance of this versus that, and that’s the kind of thing one might start to wonder about.”
From Plasma to PHB to Dark Matter
The nature of the formation of these short-lived black holes? Quark-gluon plasma. And, it should have a “color payoff” distribution. Kaiser and Alonso-Monsalve determined the size of the region in the plasma that can collapse and form a PBH. It turns out that there wouldn’t be much color charge in currently formed ordinary black holes. That’s because they were probably created by occupying a large number of regions that had a mixture of charges. Therefore, “they would not be overcharged.”
But small black holes would have many colors. They would have the maximum charge of any kind allowed for a black hole. And, with their formation, they could produce the smallest change that caused the dark matter to appear.
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